“福建土樓”世界文化遺產－以永定客家土樓為例

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題名:	“福建土樓”世界文化遺產－以永定客家土樓為例 Fujian Tulou, a World Heritage Site-the Case Study of Yongding Hakka Tulou
作者:	劉鴻喜(Hung-Hsi Liu)
貢獻者:	地理系
關鍵詞:	福建土樓客家客家祖地世界文化遺產 Fujian Tulou；Hakka Homeland of Hakka World Cultural Heritage
日期:	2008
上傳時間:	2012-05-14 14:08:07 (UTC+8)
摘要:	「福建土樓」指福建西南地區的閩南土樓和客家土樓，總數約3000餘座，以不加工的生土構築厚牆壁形成群居和防衛合一的大型樓房，是世界獨一無二的大型民居。1970年代之前，多稱「客家土樓」，隨後調查發現土樓並非客家人獨有，閩南人的土樓比客家人土樓還要多。因此學界轉用「福建土樓」，不過最著名的土樓如振成樓，承啓樓等的住戶都是客家人。客家人為漢民族的一支，於西晉末年、五代之初，因五胡亂華，自中原（河南省）逐步南遷，經水路先遷居至江南，又因南朝侯景之亂，唐末黃巢之亂而逐步南遷至江西省南部，當地居民視他們為客人，他們亦自視為客家(Hakka)，後又東越武夷山脈進入閩西南的汀州府各縣，本區因遠離各政治中心，原住民（南方蠻族）又少，他們乃定居於本區，迄今已有1,000年以上，永定縣位在本區東緣，和在漳州府定居的閩南人比鄰而居，過去數百年兩族為了爭水、爭田，常有族群械鬥，客家人為了本族的安全，乃就地取材，興建大型土樓，它們用生土夯成高大厚重的外牆，構成圓形或方型土樓，土樓始建於13世紀以迄20世紀初期，它們成群存在，景象特殊，既不同於中國北方民居村寨的碉樓，亦不同於歐洲各地中古時期的貴族古堡。2008年7月聯合國教科文組織通過「福建土樓」為世界文化遺產。 The term "Fujian Tulou" refers to some 3,000 and more earthen houses built by Minnan (Southern Fujian) and Hakka (subgroup of the Hans) people. Thick walls built from raw soil support these big-sized buildings that serve as both communal and defensive residence. Such kind of large dwelling is unparalleled in the world. Before the 1970s, they were mostly referred to as Hakka Tulou until later studies found that Minnan people have built more Tulous than the Hakkas. With that clarified, these earthen houses have been known to the academia as Fujian Tulou. However, the most prestigious ones, such as Zhenchenglou and Chengqilou, are Hakka earthen houses. The Hakkas are a subgroup of the Han Chinese people. They migrated down south from their homeland, Central Plain (Henan Province), between late Eastern Jin Dynasty and early Southern & Northern Dynasties, running away from the five barbarian tribes' invasion. They fled by waterways and reached the Jiangnan region (south of Yangtze River). Later, they migrated further to southern Jiangxi Province due to the Houjing Rebellion in the Southern Dynasty, and the Huangchao Insurgency at the end of the Tang Dynasty. In the eyes of the locals, these were merely guests, and the Hakkas also called themselves "guest people", hence the name Hakka. Then they moved eastward, crossed Wuyi Mountains to dwell in Tingzhou, Southwestern Fujian, where they found to be away from any political centers and inhabited by few southern aborigines. Since then, the Hakkas lived in this area for more than 1,000 years. Yongding County at the eastern frontiers of the Hakka settlement adjoins Zhangzhou, where the Minnan people live. For centuries, armed conflicts often broke out between the Minnan and Hakka people. To safeguard themselves, the Hakkas had to utilize the resources at hand to build sizable earthen houses. They used rammed raw soil to build tall and thick walls as solid weight supporters. These earthen houses (Tulous) were built between the 1400s and early 1900s A.D. Rectangular or circular in configuration, the Tulou cluster forms a unique spectacle, distinguished from the fortresses often seen in northern China or European castles in the Middle Ages. And in July 2008, Fujian Tulou was inscribed by UNESCO as World Heritage Site.
顯示於類別:	[地理學系] 學報-華岡地理學報

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