前後秦時期關中爭霸戰中的杏城－歷史地理角度的觀察

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Title:	前後秦時期關中爭霸戰中的杏城－歷史地理角度的觀察
Authors:	廖幼華
Contributors:	中國文化大學
Keywords:	前秦後秦杏城地理優勢居民結構
Date:	1999-12
Issue Date:	2012-03-22 10:37:07 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	杏城附近面積廣大、三面環山，形勢自成格局，卻因土壤貧舟，位處農牧分界線北，漢末成為匈奴徙入群聚之處；至西元四世紀西晉滅亡，繼起之政權對胡人部族多採招徠策略，匈奴持續入居本區，遂成為北山一帶人口最繁盛、勢力最大的族群。基於人口結構的優勢，其他族群即使進入本區，也只能短時間占有部份地域，影響力很難擴及整個地區；姚襄的失敗，就是這一局勢最好說明。姚英則利用北山為阻地理優勢，坐等關中政權潰散，蓄積實力，不主動出擊，也避免因戰爭調發所引起不同種族間緊張關係遂致成功。可知地理與民族屬性是杏城與關中政權互動關係的兩項重要因素。由於地理阻隔與族屬之不同,如無強固政軍實力支持，雙方要進入彼此地或做長期穩定的統治，皆屬不易。故前、後秦都必須在北山出口杏城、貳城兩地建立軍事基地；而赫違勃勃亦需採取守勢，待後秦為劉裕所滅，才得南下關中奪取政權。在政權興衰之間，歷來討論者多偏向雙方政治、軍事實力的探討，本文由地理及族屬兩個層面切入，期能更充份說明這一時期歷史之發展。 The area around Xingcheng is a vast region of good terrain encircled on three sides by mountains. However, because the soil is poor, and the area situated on the northern boundary between agriculture and nomadism, during the late Han it was overrun by the Xiongnu. With the fall of the Jin in the fourth century, succeeding authorities pursued a strategy of welcoming western tribal peoples, and the Xiongnu continued to reside in the area. Thereafter they became the most prosperous and powerful ethnic group in the northern mountains. Due to the advantages of their population structure, whenever other ethnic groups entered the area and were able to temporarily gain control over a portion of the territory, it was difficult for them to expand their influence over the entire region. The defeat of Yao Xiang best exemplifies this situation. Yao Chang used the northern mountains as a barrier to await the collapse of political power in Guanzhong. There he built up his strength by not initiating attacks and avoiding military tensions with other peoples. In the end he succeeded. From this we can see that geography and ethnic composition were two important factors in the power relations of Xingcheng and Guanzhong. Because of geographic barriers and ethnic differences, without sufficient political and military strength, even though both sides wanted to establish long-term stable rule over the other's area, this was never easy Therefore the Former and Latter Qin had to establish military bases in the northern mountains around Xingcheng and Ercheng. Helianbobo also adopted a defensive strategy, awaiting the destruction of the Latter Qin by Liu Yu, and tereupon seizing power in southern Guanzhong. When dealing with the rise and fall of political power, most historical commentators tend to discuss political and military strength. In contrast, this essay seeks to explain the historical developments of the period through the dual aspects of geography and ethnicity.
Relation:	華岡文科學報 23 民88.12 頁127-159
Appears in Collections:	[College of Libral Arts] Hwa Kang journal of humanities

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