| 摘要: | 我國老年人口在2006年已占總人口10.6%，老人是否有足夠的經濟資源，以度過生命週期中的老年階段，將是愈來愈受重視的議題，也衝擊著人們對於老年生活模式的思考。本研究以1997年與2007年家庭收支調查，探討勞動退休安排對老人經濟福利的影響。首先以「平均假設」及「個人所得假設」瞭解兩種不同假設設算差異。接著，再進一步以個人所得假設，觀察男性中年晚期至老年期的勞動退休模式與經濟福利的關係。最後兼以「個人」及「家戶」為分析單位，利用與老年夫妻兩人家戶的比較，來瞭解老年女性單人戶的經濟情況。
研究結果顯示：
1.不同戶內資源分配的假設，對中老年人年齡別、性別、家庭型態別的所得分配測量結果，確實有差異。
2.男性勞工多數尚未步入老年期，經濟開銷便開始倚賴自身工作以外所得來源，但老年男性擁有穩定退休金者的比例不高，代表這些多數未有足夠退休金的老年男性所依賴的是政府的移轉所得與來自晚輩的代間移轉。
3.以家庭型態來看，三代家庭中的男性為非就業且無退休金者的比例較高，顯示藉由共居所產生的規模經濟效果可使其避免落入貧窮避免落入貧窮。另外，老年兩人戶是三種家庭型態中，仍在勞動市場中比例最高的，顯示老年兩人家戶中的男性是三種家庭型態中，所得收入是較為穩定的一群。
4.老年夫妻兩人家戶在總所得，平分之後仍大於老年女性單人戶之總所得，且退休金占不少的比重，表示兩人家戶的經濟資源即使平分共享亦高於單人戶者，故老年女性單人戶實為社會福利應重視之族群。
針對研究發現與結果，提出下列建議：
對於從事家務工作或照顧工作的女性，政府可藉由國民年金與目前正在籌備規劃的長期照護保險中的「照顧津貼」，使她們不再是無酬工作者；對於男性而言，政府應推廣延後退休的觀念，同時穩定就業市場，維護勞工退休機制應有的保障。
10.6 percent of the population is senior citizens in Taiwan in 2006. The issue whether or not senior citizens have enough financial resources at their disposal to cope with old-age lives is impending. The issue at the same time makes people think over again how they should have their retired lives arranged. Using the investigation of ‘The Survey of Family Income & Expenditure’ respectively conducted in 1997 and 2007, the study attempts to discuss how the elders well-being is influenced by the way they plan their retirement.
At first, by looking at the ‘average income assumption’ and the ‘individual income assumption’ we can understand what the differences between the two are. In the following, making use of individual income assumption, we observe the relationship between the male’s retirement patterns, from their late middle age to old age, and well-being. At last, using ‘individual’ and ‘household’ as the analyzing unit, and making a comparison with the household solely comprised of an old-age couple, we shall comprehend the financial situation of single, old-age women.
Looking from the perspective of individual income assumption, the study finds that although the number of female labors has climbed progressively, still over fifty percent of the female population does not have an income. It proves that women mostly depend on men’s incomes. The results of the study point several things out:
1.In terms of the assumption of resource distribution within different households, there are divergent results of income distribution according to various age, sex, and family type.
2.Before most male labors turning into their old age, they have income gained from extra jobs to pay up expenditures.
3.Viewing from the perspective of family type, in family in which three generations live together, the percentage of the male who is unemployed and without retirement pension, is higher. It indicates that cohabitation helps to buffer financial difficulties. Furthermore, the employment percentage of the household solely comprised of an old-age couple is very high compared to other types of family. It means that men of the former family type usually have stable incomes.
4.The total income of the household solely comprised of an old-age couple is higher than that of the single, aged women. It suggests that financial resources, even they are split and shared, of the former are doing better than that of the later. Single, aged women are the target group that social welfare should take care of. |
