| 摘要: | 本研究主要目的在瞭解大學生飲食型態之現況及其影響因素。以研究者自編問卷進行調查，研究對象為台灣地區之大學生，以立意取樣的方式獲得有效樣本共計574名，男女學生人數比例分別為57.8%及41.8%。研究工具包含「基本資料」、「生活狀況」、「飲食狀況」、「促進因子與障礙因子量表」、「飲食態度量表」及「自我效能量表」六部分，並以描述性統計、差異性分析、相關分析、階層迴歸分析法進行分析。結果顯示大學生早餐攝取行為較差，僅約一半（52.8％）大學生有每天吃早餐的習慣。大學生對各類健康食物的攝取不足，最多大學生經常達到每天建議攝取量的為水，也不到一半（45.3％）；其次為蔬菜，僅約有三成大學生經常（一星期5天以上）吃到足夠的蔬菜；而水果、奶類、全穀類等食物經常達到建議攝取量者則約一成。大學生對各類不健康食物的攝取以含糖飲料為最，其次為零食；有一半以上的大學生至少隔一天就會喝含糖飲料，有三成者吃零食頻率一星期達3天以上。階層迴歸分析結果發現，自我效能為進食習慣、健康食物及不健康食物攝取頻率的最主要預測變項，其取代了態度的預測力。進食習慣、健康食物及不健康食物攝取頻率亦受其他因素之影響，但因食物類別而有所差異。綜合及歸納促進與障礙因子變項之影響有：（1）生活作息：大學生會因為起床太晚而不吃早餐，並也會因為受到晚睡及上網、看電視、打電動時想吃而常吃宵夜；會因為身體不舒服較常吃早餐及晚餐，但受減肥因素就容易略過晚餐；另外，懶得出門、懶得吃會導致大學生不常吃早餐；至於考試或忙碌時則降低午餐及晚餐攝取頻率。（2）經濟因素：伙食費不足的學生較常吃油炸類食物、碳烤類食物及速食麵、速食米粉；打工的大學生較常吃速食麵、速食米粉；這些食物可能是方便取得及價格較廉之食物。大學生會為了省錢不吃早餐，但卻不會因此提升水的攝取頻率；會因為價格貴而少吃蔬菜、水果、奶類及西式速食等食物，會受到無限暢飲因素常喝含糖飲料。（3）味道和口感：喜歡味道和口感是影響大學生食物攝取之重要因素，尤其對於不健康食物；因為喜歡味道和口感而增加攝取含糖飲料、油炸類食物、碳烤類食物、速食麵、速食米粉以及零食；而因為不喜歡味道和口感而減少攝取全穀類、零食，不會因味道不喜歡而少吃西式速食。（4）環境中的方便性-可獲性、可及性：認為水杯攜帶麻煩及水果吃起來不方便者不常喝水及不常吃水果；而奶類如果方便取得時，則會常喝奶類。自我效能是大學生的進食習慣、健康食物及不健康食物攝取頻率最強的預測因子，飲食態度可能是自我效能的中介因子。由於對健康和不健康食物攝取對健康影響之行為結果評價、自我效能偏低，尤其吃不健康食物最低；顯示建立「改變飲食行為以促進健康」之價值觀，並藉由克服行為障礙，增加行動之能力和信心是促成大學生健康飲食行為之關鍵。
The purpose of this study was to understand the dietary patterns and its influencing factors of college students. Five hundred and seventy-four college students(57.8 % male and 41.8 % female) completed a self-administered questionnaire designed by researchers. The questionnaire included demographic information, lifestyle, dietary behavior, and facilitating factors, as well as barriers of dietary behavior, dietary attitude, and self-efficacy. This study performed descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. The results show that slightly more than half of the students (52.8 %) ate breakfast every day and that the consumption of several healthy foods was insufficient. Less than half (45.3 %) of the students demonstrated a sufficient intake of water ; only 30 % regularly (more than 5 days per week) ate a sufficient amount of vegetables ; and only approximately 10 % reported sufficient intake of fruit, milk, and grains. Regarding unhealthy foods, more than half of the students consumed sugar-sweetened beverages every other day, and 30 % consumed snacks more often than three days a week. The results of the hierarchical regression analyses indicate that self-efficacy is the primary predictor of dietary behaviors, including dietary habits and the consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods. The facilitator and barriers of dietary behaviors varied among different foods. This study concluded the following: (1) Lifestyle: the college students in this study skipped breakfast because they woke up late or felt lazy. They consumed snacks at night because they felt like eating when they stayed up late surfing the Internet, watching TV, or playing video games. Students were more likely to eat breakfast and dinner when feeling uncomfortable, whereas dinner was generally neglected when students were attempting to lose weight. They sometimes skipped lunch and dinner during exams or when busy.(2) Economic factors: Students with a lower meal budget in this study consumed fried or roasted foods, or instant noodles more frequently. Students who worked part-time reported eating instant noodles more frequently. Such foods are probably more accessible and cheaper. Students reported skipping breakfast to save money, but not drinking water for that reason. In addition, students reported eating vegetables, fruit, milk, and Western fast foods less frequently as they are expensive, and drank sugar-sweetened beverages more frequently when refilling the drinks was free. (3) Taste and texture of food: The taste and texture of food influenced the students’ frequency of consuming foods, especially unhealthy foods, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, fried foods, roasted foods, instant noodles and snacks. However, students did not consume Western fast foods less frequently due to disliking the taste. (4) Convenience, availability, and accessibility in the environment: Students who considered bringing a cup with him/her to be inconvenient were less prone to drinking water, and students who believed eating fruit was inconvenient ate fruit less frequently. By contrast, students drank milk more frequently when it was accessible. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of the dietary habits and consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, whereas dietary attitudes were a potentially mediating factor of self-efficacy. The students’ belief regarding the health impact and self-efficacy of consuming healthy foods and not consuming unhealthy foods were low, specifically for not eating unhealthy food. This finding demonstrates that the values of “facilitating health by changing dietary habits” should be imparted to college students. Furthermore, overcoming behavioral barriers and improving confidence and ability to take action is essential for encouraging healthy dietary behavior in college students. |
