| 摘要: | 隨著社會環境的快速變遷，社會制度之一的家庭亦隨之改變，最明顯的是家庭的結構與過去大不相同，傳統大家庭逐漸式微，核心家庭成為現今家庭型態之主流，且朝向小家庭型態發展。因此，臺灣今日社會不僅受到「少子化」現象的衝擊，隨著家庭結構的變遷，國人的家庭價值觀也隨之改變，傳統家庭中的信仰、價值與行為在現代社會中已不多見。然而，許多人格與價值觀的養成皆是在家庭中奠定基礎的，中國自古以來，即強調家庭對個人的重要性，亦重視個人對家庭的依附與義務關係，對中國人來說，家庭與人是密不可分的。所以，本研究將以臺北地區大學獨生與非獨生子女為研究對象，瞭解其「家庭價值觀」之狀況，以及影響大學獨生子女與非獨生子女「家庭價值觀」之因素，以期給予大學生、父母、學校教育人員、教育行政機關與未來研究者提出具體建議。
本研究以臺北地區大學獨生與非獨生子女為研究對象，採「調查法」，以「配額取樣」，選取臺北地區公私立大學13所學校學生，有效回收率為92.0%。測量項目包括「個人背景資料調表」及「家庭價值觀量表」。利用次數分配、百分比、平均數、標準差、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數、雪費事後考驗、皮爾森積差相關及多元迴歸等統計方法進行資料分析，結果發現：
一、大學「獨生子女」與「非獨生子女」在「家庭價值觀」上之現況
1.大學「獨生子女」與「非獨生子女」之整體「家庭價值觀」均傾向於「現代，」觀點，以「家庭角色認同」層面傾向於「現代」的程度為最高，而「婚姻態度」層面均傾向於「傳統」的觀點。
二、大學「獨生子女」與「非獨生子女」在不同「個人背景因素」、「家庭背景因素」在「家庭價值觀」之差異情形
1.大學「獨生子女」在「家庭價值觀」之「家庭角色認同」層面上，會因「性別」、「年級」之不同而有顯著差異存在，而在「家庭價值觀」之「婚姻態度」層面會因「宗教信仰」之不同而有顯著差異存在。且「男性」在整體「家庭價值觀」方面明顯比「女性」傾向傳統。
2.大學「非獨生子女」之「家庭價值觀」會因「性別」、「年級」、「宗教信仰」、「與異性交往經驗」之不同而有顯著差異存在，而在「家庭價值觀」之「生養子女態度」層面會因「家庭結構」之不同而有顯著差異存在。且「男性」在整體「家庭價值觀」方面明顯比「女性」傾向傳統。
三、大學「獨生子女」與「非獨生子女」在「家庭背景因素」與「家庭價值觀」之相關性
1.大學「獨生子女」之「家庭氣氛」與整體「家庭價值觀」無顯著相關性，但與「傳統孝道觀念」層面呈現顯著低程度正相關。
2.大學「非獨生子女」之「家庭氣氛」與整體「家庭價值觀」、「生養子女態度」、「傳統孝道觀念」及「婚姻態度」各層面呈現顯著低程度正相關，而與「夫妻關係」層面呈現顯著低程度負相關。
3.大學「非獨生子女」之「父母婚姻和諧度」與整體「家庭價值觀」、「生養子女態度」、「傳統孝道觀念」及「婚姻態度」各層面呈現顯著低程度正相關，而與「夫妻關係」層面呈現顯著些微負相關。
4.大學「非獨生子女」之「家庭衝突情形」與整體「家庭價值觀」、「生養子女態度」、「傳統孝道觀念」及「婚姻態度」各層面呈現顯著低程度負相關。
四、大學「獨生子女」與「非獨生子女」在「家庭價值觀」之差異情形
1.大學「獨生子女」與「非獨生子女」在整體「家庭價值觀」上均無顯著差異存在，但在「傳統孝道觀念」層面上則有顯著差異存在；且大學「獨生子女」在「傳統孝道觀念」層面上較大學「非獨生子女」傾向於現代。
五、「個人背景因素」與「家庭背景因素」對「家庭價值觀」之預測力
1.大學「獨生子女」之「學校類別」和「家庭衝突情形」兩項因素，能有效預測整體「家庭價值觀」26%變異量。
2.大學「非獨生子女」之「性別」和「宗教信仰」兩項因素，能有效預測整體「家庭價值觀」17%變異量。
根據本研究之發現與結論，建議大學「獨生子女」與「非獨生子女」應該要關注兩性交往議題，修習婚姻與家庭相關課程，與父母親建立良好親子關係，並積極參與有意義的宗教活動，以培養正確的婚姻態度及家庭倫理觀念。建議為人父母者，應維繫良好婚姻關係及建立良好親子互動，並給予子女正確的生育及養育子女觀念，使子女對婚姻有正向的感受。建議學校及政府的教育相關機構，應設計完整婚前教育課程，落實兩性與婚姻的輔導機制，宣導正確兩性交往及家庭婚姻觀念，以建立大學生正確的婚姻與家庭價值觀。
Abstract
With the fast changes of the social environment, family – a part of the system of the society, is changing with it. The most obvious change is the structure of the family, the traditional big families have become minority, core, small families have become the trend of current family types. Therefore, “Shoshika” has impacted the society of Taiwan now and also the values of family. The religions, values and behaviors of the traditional family are hardly seen in the modern society now. However, personality and cultivation of individuals mostly come from family. Since long ago, a family is essential to an individual; for Chinese, individual and family are bonded. Therefore, college students in Taipei, from only child and non-only child families, were studied to understand their “family values” and to know the factors which influence them. Hopefully, this study can provide useful suggestions to college students, parents, educators in schools, administrators in education and future researchers.
Students, from only child and non-only child families, from thirteen private and national universities in Taipei were selected as quota-sampling analysis for the method of questionnaire survey, and the valid return of samples was 92%. Both “personal background questionnaire” and “family value scale” were measured in the study. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, unpaired-t test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s comparison test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Our results were as follows:
A. The current status of “family value” from the only child and non-only child families.
1. In the case of “family character status” among family value, both only child and non-only child factors tended to “modern” instead of “tradition” perspective. However, in the case of “marriage status” from family value, both factors skewed to “tradition” concept.
B. Differences between only child and non-only child under personal background and family background, categories.
1. In the case of only child college students, sex and grade among “family character status” from family value were significantly different. In addition, significant differences were also observed in the different religions among “marriage status” from family value. Males skewed more to “tradition” than females in overall “family value”.
2. In the case of “non-only child” college students, sex, grade, religion and making-friends showed significant differences under family value categories. Moreover, family structure among “child education attitude” from family value also appeared significantly different. Males skewed more to “tradition” than females in overall “family value”
C. Correlation between family background and family value from the only child and non-only child families.
1. There were no significant correlations between “family atmosphere” and overall “family value” in the case of only child family, but it showed low but significant and positive correlation to “conventional filial piety”.
2. In the case of non-only child family, low but significant and positive correlations were shown among “family atmosphere”, overall “family value”, “attitude of child raising”, “conventional filial piety” and “marriage attitude”. It was also shown that there were low but significant and negative correlations to “couple’s relationship”.
3. In the case of non-only child family, low but significant and positive correlations were shown among “marriage harmony of parents”, overall “family value”, “attitude of child raising”, “conventional filial piety” and “marriage attitude”. But it was also showed that there were low but significant and negative correlations to “couple’s relationship”.
4. In the case of non-only child family, low but significant and negative correlation were shown among “family conflict”, overall “family value”, “attitude of child raising”, “conventional filial piety” and “marriage attitude”.
D. Differences between only child and non-only child college students under family value.
1. No significant differences were seen between only child and non-only child under family value and conventional filial piety, respectively. But it showed significant differences in “conventional filial piety”. To “conventional filial piety”, “only child” skewed to modern more than “non-only child”.
E. Predictions among variables from family value.
1. In the case of only child college students, twenty-six percentages of total variance in family value could be predicted from both “university categories” and “family confliction” factors.
2. In the case of non-only child college students, both sex and religion factors could predict seventeen percent of the family value.
Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, to college students of “only child” and “non-only child”, they should concern more to the issue of establishing relations between opposite sex, take marriage and family related courses, establish good relationship with parents, and participate meaningful religious activities to build a positive marriage attitude and family ethical virtues. To parents, they should maintain a good marital relation and interact with children, also, give children proper concepts of raising their children, make children have positive perception toward marriages. To schools and education related institutes of government, they should design complete courses of pre-marital education, provide marriage counseling systems, give correct concepts of establishing relationships of opposite sex and family, in order to make college students to have correct marriage and family values. |
