| 摘要: | 依現代刑法理論，行為人之犯罪行為必須具備：「主觀犯意、基於犯意而為之行為、由行為而發生侵害法益之結果、具有構成要件處罰之法律」，所謂的「犯罪」始能成立。故行為人之「犯意、行為、法益侵害及構成要件」等四者若均屬單一，則其罪行屬於單一之犯罪，固無疑義；若四者之一並非單一，則其究竟屬於一個或數個犯罪行為，不能不有所決定以資通用。此一課即屬於現代刑事法學上的「罪數」問題，亦即涉及到「犯罪競合」的問題，而其處罰方式即通說的「數罪併罰」課題。我國現行刑法關於「罪數」的理論和學說，固然多汲取自歐西法律思想與理念，惟吾國固有律早於先秦時代，即有類似之法學概念，迄乎唐世，更具體規範於《唐律，名例律》之相關律文內。按唐律關於「罪數」的規範，主要有「二罪以上俱發、賊罪頻犯、一事分為二罪、二罪從重」等四種，本文暫以前三者做為探究重點，除追本測源自先秦時代，繼之以唐律律文釋義與分析，並輔以實際司法案例之探討，以窺其全豹。
According to the present criminal jurisprudence theory, the actor whose crime must have a guilty mind, the act because the evil intention, encroached the legal benefit under the act, and the suitable legal provision for the requisites to constitute acrime, that which the "crime" be able to formal establish. The actor whose "guiltyintent, criminal act, encroached the legal benefit, and the requisites to constitute a crime" also single, that the guilty belong to single is beyond doubt. But, if anyone of aforesaid four items isn't single, like that, the crimes actually belong to single or plural must have the determination conclusion. The problem of "the quantity of crimes" involved the problem of " the combined of crimes" as well. As to the punishment fashion is exactly the "combined punishment for more than one crime". The Traditional Chinese Legal Thought had the similar idea since The Age of Pre-Qin, and concrete provided in the Section on General Principles of T'ang Law. There are four kinds in the T’ang Law, include "behind twice crimes by discovered at same time, the recidivism of pervert justice for the bribes, the single guilty distinguish two crimes, and behind twice crimes and judgment according to the most heavy". This article will study the aforesaid former three. First, we will trace to its source in The Age of Pre-Qin, then, will explain and analyze the legal provision in the T'ang Law, and inquire into the practice judicature case at last. So we shall intention to see segment of a whole. |
