唐代宮禁制度在政治與法律上的意義與作用

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Title:	唐代宮禁制度在政治與法律上的意義與作用
Authors:	桂齊遜
Contributors:	中國文化大學
Keywords:	唐代宮禁制度唐律唐律•衛禁律
Date:	2005-05-01
Issue Date:	2011-01-25 11:06:10 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	在帝制中國時代，唐代堪稱係依「律令格式」以為治的時代。惟在傳統帝制中國的歷史背景下，影響於法律文化之完善性與落實性最鉅者，厥為皇帝制度及皇權的運作模式。論者以為，關於唐律在保障「皇權」上的建設，大致可以區別為四項：首先，即維護皇帝對國家政務的最高處理權；其次，即懲治威脅皇帝人身安全的犯罪行為；再次，即嚴懲有損皇帝尊嚴的犯罪行為；最後，防範並鎮壓篡權行為。就中關於「懲治威脅皇帝人身安全的犯罪行為」及「防範及鎮壓篡權行為」，在《唐律》中主要均規定在〈衛禁律〉一篇，故本文主旨即擬透過《唐律•衛禁律》來省視，唐代宮禁制度在政治及法律上的意義與作用，並藉此反思唐律之落實性與有效性。本文認為，整部《唐律•衛禁律》的核心思想，就是以保護皇帝安全為主，維護宮廷安全為輔；無論就其律文規範內容、量刑輕重，都可以說是鉅細靡遺、十分完備。然就唐代司法實例中所見的十六件「威脅唐室皇帝人身安全」的案例來分析，最終判決能夠合乎律文規範者，似乎是比較少見的。這有兩種可能性：第一由於企圖威脅皇帝人身安全的犯罪，非同小可，且多由皇帝本人敕裁，故除了少數案例從輕處分（不問罪）之外，多半是會加重其刑的；此一考量，主要仍是保障皇帝的安危，以儆效尤。其次，或許在史料文獻中所保存下來的案例，多半是一些特殊的案例，是以其用刑情況本來就比較特殊；其餘合乎律文規範的判決，並未由史官保留下來，這也是我們不得不深思的課題。最後，針對本文所舉唐代十件中央宮廷政變的案例來看，可知關於唐律「防範並鎮壓篡權行為」的功能上，似乎越是在唐代前期，越能發揮功效，這應該是唐代前期政局比較能夠安定的原因之一。至於唐代後期，表面上唐律還是稍稍發揮了維護皇權和保障皇權的功效，卻不免於淪為宦官整肅異己的利器；逮及唐末，唐律「防範並鎮壓篡權行為」的功能幾已蕩然無存，唐廷乃告殄滅。 The purpose of this study is to go through "The Tang Code: Section on Guardian Palace" to investigate it's political and legal meaning and function. In order to examine if The Tang Code can be put into effect. The author believes the main purpose of "The Tang Code: Section on Guardian Palace" is to protect the emperor's safety and to maintain the safety of the palace is less important. Analyzing sixteen real legal cases of threatening personal safety in Tang dynasty found that final sentences don't seem to conform to the regulation of the statute. There are two possibilities. Firstly, it is tremendously serious crime when someone tried to threaten the emperor's personal safety. The emperor usually brought criminal to trial in person and the most of criminal would increase of penalty. Secondly, most of legal cases in historical records are special cases. Finally, according to ten cases of palace coup in this essay, we can find that the function of "The Tang Code" in prevention of usurping the throne is more effective in earlier stage then in later stage.
Relation:	華岡文科學報 27期 P.45-101
Appears in Collections:	[College of Libral Arts] Hwa Kang journal of humanities

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