| 摘要: | 目的：本研究的目的在分析探討水上划船2000公尺、測功儀划船2000公尺、力竭連續反向跳躍 (countermovement jump, CMJ) 動作之間在運動學和肌電圖上之差異性；分析探討力竭連續CMJ在測力板上所獲得的各參數與水上划船2000公尺、測功儀划船2000公尺的運動表現參數之間的相關性；分析探討力竭連續CMJ之測力板參數對於水上划船2000公尺、測功儀划船2000公尺運動表現的預測性。方法：招募30名曾經參加過全國大專運動會的划船運動員為受試者，讓受試者下肢肌肉黏貼肌電圖感測器以及穿戴慣性感應器後，先在測力板上進行力竭連續CMJ，休息60分鐘以上然後在划船測功儀盡全力划船2000公尺，休息滿48小時後，在水上划船盡全力划船2000公尺。取得各項資料後，使用重複量數二因子 (4個時間階段×3個動作) 變異數分析 (repeated measure two-way ANOVA) 檢定水上划船2000公尺、測功儀划船2000公尺、力竭連續CMJ動作，使用時間百分比劃分為第一階段0%~25% (T1)、第二階段為25%~50% (T2)、第三階段為50%~75% (T3)、第四階段為75%~100% (T4)，比較四個階段在運動學和肌電圖參數上的差異性，事後比較 (post hoc) 使用Bonferroni校正法。以皮爾森積差相關 (Pearson's product-moment correlation)分析水上划船2000公尺、測功儀划船2000公尺的運動表現與力竭連續CMJ 的跳躍高度、反應性肌力指數、推蹬發力率、推蹬力峰值之間相關性。以逐步多元線性迴歸分析 (stepwise multiple regression analysis)，建立以力竭連續CMJ 的跳躍高度、反應性肌力指數、推蹬發力率、推蹬力峰值預測水上划船2000公尺、測功儀划船2000公尺的運動表現之迴歸方程式。以Shapiro-Wilk常態性 (normality) 檢定參數是否呈現常態性，所有統計分析的顯著水準皆訂為α =.05。結果：水上划船、測功儀划船2000公尺及連續CMJ三種運動模式中，下肢三條肌肉肌電活化及下肢三個關節的活動角度均存在顯著差異。連續CMJ的臀大肌、股外側肌及比目魚肌向心活化最高，而股外側肌和比目魚肌在離心階段的活化也顯著高於划船動作。測功儀划船的髖關節與踝關節活動範圍略大於水上划船，連續CMJ則顯示出最大的活動幅度和肌肉活化程度。在肌電訊號的重覆量數二因子變異數分析中，結果顯示臀大肌、股外側肌與比目魚肌的向心與離心活化均呈現顯著交互作用，臀大肌向心與離心的時間階段×動作有交互作用。在關節角度的重覆量數二因子變異數分析中，髖關節、膝關節及踝關節的伸展與屈曲角度均顯示顯著交互作用。膝關節伸展與屈曲的時間階段×動作交互作用。測功儀划船2000公尺完成時間與跳躍次數呈現顯著的負相關，測功儀划船2000公尺平均功率與跳躍次數呈現顯著正相關。結論：水上划船、測功儀划船2000公尺及連續CMJ在肌電活化與關節角度變化上的特性，結果顯示連續CMJ的跳躍次數與測功儀划船2000公尺的完成時間呈顯著負相關，與平均功率呈顯著正相關，突顯了持續力量輸出能力在划船運動中的重要性。水上划船與測功儀划船在運動模式上雖然相似，但環境穩定性與動作需求存在明顯差異，水上划船更依賴核心穩定性，測功儀划船則偏向爆發力與推蹬力量。未來研究建議探索上肢肌群及核心肌群在划船運動中的作用，並檢驗高水平運動員在連續CMJ與划船表現中的差異，進一步優化槳頻與技術效率的關聯性。
Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the kinematic and electromyographic differences among 2000 m water rowing, 2000 m ergometer rowing, and exhaustive continuous countermovement jumps (CMJ). Additionally, it examined the correlations between parameters derived from force plate measurements during exhaustive continuous CMJs and performance metrics in 2000 m water rowing and ergometer rowing. Finally, it investigated the predictive ability of force plate parameters in exhaustive continuous CMJs for 2000 m water rowing and ergometer rowing performance. Methods: Thirty collegiate rowers who had participated in national university competitions were recruited. Participants performed exhaustive continuous CMJs on a force plate with surface electromyography (EMG) sensors attached to lower limb muscles and inertial sensors worn on the body. After resting for at least 60 minutes, they completed a maximal effort 2000 m on a rowing ergometer. Following a 48-hour rest, participants performed a maximal effort 2000 m water rowing trial. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA (4 time phases × 3 exercise modalities) was employed to assess differences in kinematic and EMG parameters across time phases, with post hoc comparisons using Bonferroni corrections. Pearson’s product-moment correlation was used to analyze relationships between water rowing and ergometer rowing performance metrics (completion time, power output) and CMJ parameters (jump height, reactive strength index modified [RSImod], rate of force development [RFD], and peak force). Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to establish regression models predicting water rowing and ergometer rowing performance based on CMJ parameters. Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to verify normality, and the statistical significance level was set at α = 0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed in lower limb muscle EMG activation and joint angles among the three exercise modalities. Exhaustive continuous CMJs demonstrated the highest concentric activation of the gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, and soleus muscles, and significantly higher eccentric activation of the vastus lateralis and soleus muscles compared to rowing movements. The range of motion (ROM) of the hip and ankle joints was slightly greater in ergometer rowing compared to water rowing, while CMJs exhibited the largest ROM and muscle activation levels. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA for EMG parameters revealed significant interactions for concentric and eccentric activation in the gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, and soleus muscles, with notable interactions for time phase × exercise modality in the gluteus maximus. In joint angle analysis, significant interactions were found in extension and flexion angles of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, with knee extension and flexion showing time phase × exercise interactions. Significant negative correlations were observed between ergometer rowing completion time and CMJ jump count, while significant positive correlations were found between average power in ergometer rowing and CMJ jump count. Conclusion: The kinematic and EMG characteristics of water rowing, ergometer rowing, and CMJs exhibit notable differences. CMJ jump count was significantly negatively correlated with ergometer rowing completion time and positively correlated with average power, highlighting the importance of sustained power output in rowing performance. Despite similarities in movement patterns, water rowing relies more on core stability due to its unstable environment, while ergometer rowing emphasizes explosive power and pushing force. Future research should explore the roles of upper limb and core muscles in rowing performance, examine the differences in CMJs and rowing performance among elite athletes, and optimize the relationship between stroke rate and technical efficiency. |
