| 摘要: | 倦怠是壓力所造成的負面效果之一，而此現象在運動情境中亦同樣受到關注。本研究目的為透過系統性回顧以及統合分析以瞭解運動員生活壓力與倦怠之關係，由學術資料庫中蓃集自2001年1月起至2021年9月之文獻，經篩選後共取得57篇文獻納入系統性回顧，並再次排除非量化研究後，46篇文章納入統合分析。在所納入之系統性回顧之文獻得知，運動員生活壓力與倦怠之研究在近十年之發表數量遠高於2001年至2010年，亦瞭解到運動員生活壓力與倦怠有低至中程度之正向相關，透過介入活動，例如正念、感恩等活動可減低運動員之生活壓力或倦怠感。在納入統合分析之46篇中，有43篇文章採用Raedeke及Smith (2001)所發展之運動員倦怠量表（Athletes Burnout Questionnaire），而用來評估運動員生活壓力之工具則較多元，主要包含Cohen等人（1983）之知覺壓力量表（Perceived Stress Scale）、Lovibond & Lovibond（1995）之憂鬱、焦慮、壓力量表（Depression Anxiety Stress Scales），而運動特定性壓力則以採用盧俊宏等人（2012）所發展之大學生運動員生活壓力量表（the College Student-Athletes’ Life Stress Scale）中之運動特定性壓力為多。統合分析結果顯示運動員整體生活壓力與倦怠有顯著的高相關，其效果量達0.474，而運動員生活相關壓力與整體倦怠及其三面向之效果量範圍為0.356至0.492，運動特定性壓力之效果量則介於0.344至0.487之間，且稍高於運動員之生活相關壓力但未達顯著。此外，運動員生活相關壓力與倦怠中之「成就感減低」面向之效果量，在不同年齡層及不同運動水準之運動員均為最高；不同運動員水準、每週訓練時數、運動類型之運動員，其運動特定性壓力與倦怠中「對運動參與貶價」面向之效果量相對較低。然而，經比較相同因素內不同組別之運動員，23至34歲之運動員在運動相關生活壓力與「成就感減低」面向之效果量顯著高於13至18歲之運動員；在運動特定性壓力與「身心疲憊」面向之效果量，在23至34歲、職業選手、每週訓練8至12小時、訓練年資4至5年，以及個人性運動項目之運動員中為最高。整體而言，大部份研究仍以學生運動員為研究對象，顯示未來對於運動員不同生涯階段之生活壓力與倦怠關係之探討有其必要，亦可就不同之運動心理要素進行調查。本研究亦就研究結果進行討論並提出實務之建議。
Burnout is a negative consequence of stress that has received attention in sports. Based on Smith’s (1986) “cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout,” this systematic review and meta-analysis quantified the association between athletes’ life stress and burnout. An academic database search was conducted from January 2001 to September 2021. A total of 57 articles were included in the systematic review. Moreover, 46 quantitative empirical articles were included in the meta-analysis, of which 43 used the Athletes Burnout Questionnaire with a three-dimensional model (Raedeke & Smith, 2001) to measure athlete burnout. The measures of athlete’s life stress were much different, including the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen et al., 1983), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; Lovibond &Lovibond1995), the Trier Inventory of Chronic Stress (TICS; Schulz et al., 2004). The measures of sport-specific stress included the College Student-Athletes’ Life Stress Scale (CSALSS; Lu et al., 2012) and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ; Kellmann & Kallus, 2001). The meta-analysis results supported a significantly high correlation between life stress and burnout, yielding an overall effect size with an r-value of 0.474. The r-value of the association between athlete life-related stress and the overall burnout and all three-dimensional burnout scores ranged from 0.356 to 0.492. The r-value between athlete sport-specific stress and the overall burnout and all three-dimensional burnout scores range from 0.344 to 0.487. Furthermore, the association between sport-specific stress and burnout was higher than life-related stress but not significant. The association between life-related stress and a reduced sense of accomplishment was the strongest in participants of all ages and athletic levels. The association between life-related stress and devaluation of sports participation was relatively low in participants of all athletic levels, training hours per week, and sport types. However, the association between athletes’ life-related stress and a reduced sense of accomplishment in participants 23 ~ 34 years old was significantly higher than that of athletes 13 ~ 18 years old. The association between sport-specific stress and physical/psychological exhaustion was the strongest in participants of 23 to 34 years old, professional athletes, training loading of 8 to 12 hours per week, been trained for 4 to 5 years, and individual sport athletes; furthermore, the professional athletes were significantly higher than college student-athletes, and athletes trained of 6~9 years was significantly higher than those trained more than ten years. However, most studies used student-athletes as research samples, highlighting the need for further research exploring the continuity of and change in life stress–burnout associations across athletes’ lives and other psychological indicators could be investigated. The discussion and implications are outlined. |
