| 摘要: | 現今的世界，無論實行何種政體，均已採行某種程度或類型的資本主義，或正在邁向資本主義的道路上，縱如中國稱為社會主義市場經濟。但從資本主義自由經濟歷經百多年來的實驗，證實了絕非只要信仰所謂「那隻看不見的手」，就能夠確保市場機制自動發揮，國家經濟就能繁榮昌盛。市場畢竟是由人類的心志與行為所構成，人為的干預或許未必能促使市場經濟更加蓬勃發展，但若想要扭曲市場的功能，成功的機會卻絕對不小。而企業間結合行為，可能藉由規模經濟或範疇經濟提升經營效能，因而導致市場結構丕變，甚至造成市場遭少數大企業獨占或聯合壟斷，導致競爭效益的減損。是以，競爭法扮演著維護市場機制的角色極為重要。
競爭法上對於結合管制係一種「目的概念」，只是盡可能掌握市場集中化的行為樣態，在達到門檻標準時才採取管制手段進行干預。而對於受管制對象而言，期待管制手段係明確且可得確定，故提出各種結合態樣之審查標準，以利企業得預見未來組織變革後的法律效果與績效成果而願意進行結合工作。
本文認為我國正面臨經濟全球化與市場自由化的雙重衝擊，雖行政院公平交易委員會過去十七年間鮮少使用結合管制機制處理真正反競爭的結合案件，但未來面對趨於集中化的市場結構與集團化的經濟型態，勢必應儘早釐清公平交易法中有關結合管制的實體判斷標準與申報程序。建議公平會可學習仍有以市占率為申報門檻的國家，蓋結合審查時，市場占有率仍屬重要考量要件之一，況依公平會之現有經濟分析能力實不足以負擔，應將舉證責任轉移給結合申報人為宜，本文提出西班牙之制度作為修法方向，期以減少罰則，並促使企業誠實申報，俾便國家儘可能掌握市場集中化的行為樣態，正確推動國家經濟政策。
In present days, capitalism has been commonly or progressively adopted in all nations no matter what sort of regimes they are, even in China, it is called a “Socialist Market Economy.” The experiments of capitalism over a century have shown that, even believe in the “invisible hand,” it cannot be ensured the market mechanism can work perfectly. After all, the market is composed by mentality and behavior of human beings. Artificial intervention to the development of the market economic will not help but it may help to distort the function of the market.
The actions of merger may lead to a change in market structure or even create monopoly through economic scale, or cope that weakens market competition. They all cause the decrease of the benefit after competition. Consequently, the Competition Law plays an important role to maintain the market mechanism.
Merger Control is an ”objective concept” in competition laws, it monitors the patterns of market centralization as far as possible and intervenes when the merger reaches a threshhold. As for subjects that are regulated, it is more predictable in the method of control. Therefore, enterprises are will to undertake merger actions if they can predict legal effects and economic effect after merger with the issuance of review criteria for various merger patterns.
This study considers that, in Taiwan, we are confronting crushes coming from both of economic globalization and market liberalization. In spite of the deficiency of merger control system in the investigation of anti-competitive merger cases at Fair Trade Commission, Executive Yuan over last seventeen years, it ought to define the review criteria and issue the notification procedure for merger control under the Fair Trade Act to encounter the trend of centralized market system and economic style.
It is recommended that the Fair Trade Commission learn from other countries which still use market share as notification threshhold. This is because market share is still an important factor in merger review, and relatively insufficient ability of using economic analyses by the Fair Trade Commission. It may be more appropriate to shift the budern of proof to the merging parties. In this thesis, Spanish system as a reference is provided for the amendment of the Fair Trade Act. It is expected to promote the honest notification and to reduce punishment. Eventually, making it possible to command the correct behavior and condition of market centralization, and further to properly advance national economic policy. |
