| 摘要: | 二次大戰後國際社會的經濟援助蔚為重要現象，在上世紀90年代以後更逐漸重視其中的人道元素，而自由主義體制下的外援活動也滲有這股要素。日本在戰後的特殊境遇—和平憲法、國家安全受保障、經濟快速成長、環保意識高漲等因素，使其必須跟隨這股國際援助潮流。
兩國間外援行為通常雖然以雙方供需條件為基礎，但也必須重視這股人道潮流。印度與日本素無歷史情仇，反有佛教文化與經濟因素牽繫，基本上易於構築友好關係，今則共同期盼中國的「和平」崛起，美國則對中國採取既交往又防範戰略。改善恆河污染情形則是印度重大的國際和國內政治課題，與改善諸鄰國關係，增進婦女和貧民福祉都有關連。日本傳統文化中已蘊藏互助合作基因，二戰後再受西方文明影響，公民社會越趨成熟，兒島灣成功整治是此種社會的合作成果，但欲移植印度，立竿尚非可以見影。
治理恆河有賴於長期與持續的努力，尤其須從人道角度出發與堅持，日本從1990年代協助雅木納河治污開始，大致契合這個方向，況且更牽涉到日本未來的國際水資源商機與大國形象。同為協助恆河水系的水資源建設，荷蘭過於批評內政，英國曾因理念不合而斷然中止，則能顯現日本援助外交特色。印度欲成就本身崛起，借助外援途徑之際也不可偏廢人道因素。
Economic aid has become a much more important phenomenon in international community since the end of World War II, especially with humanitarian element being put emphasized after 1990s.To some extent, the foreign assistance under Liberalism can also witness this humanitarian trait. Due to Japan’s unique destiny, such as peace constitution, national security by U.S. protection, economic miracle and soaring environmental consciousness, all of them contribute her to following the international assistance trend definitely.
Though specific demand and supply usually dominate over foreign bilateral aid, the Indo-Japan aid relations can not afford to ignore human factor as well. Basically speaking, it is easy for the two countries to establish amiable friendship, which is benefited either from lacking historical antagonism or having Buddhism and economic connection. Their facing communal expectation of so called “China Peaceful Rise” and the U.S. containment - engagement strategy toward China nowadays are the additional pluses. On the other hand, reducing the pollution of Ganga (Ganges) River has important political implications both for India in international and domestic levels, because via improving efforts she is not only able to facilitate positive relations with her neighbors but also can raise the welfare of her compatriot women and poor. In reality, Japan has her distinctive cultural root on mutual assistance, and Japanese civil society that is deeply influenced by postwar Western civilization has also probably developed quite maturely enough to carry out cooperation. The successful experience of Kojima Bay might just exemplify this kind of collaborative governance by government and general public. However, India is subject to a rapid copy of it.
As from my inference, the successful governance of Ganga will depend upon long-term and continuous endeavor, with human approach and from perseverant standpoint being indispensable. Japanese ODA about the issue has roughly met the requirements so far. Moreover, her performance also concerns with the image of a powerful state and the opportunity over international tremendous water market. Compared with other foreign aid to the same Ganga area, Japan distinguishes her diplomatic aid from others by not excessively criticizing interior affairs as Dutch did, not withdrawing capital as British took different beliefs to respond. Since India also desires to rise as a powerful country in the new century, she must not ignore human factor while learning the foreign aid methodology.
Key Words: Japanese ODA, Japan-Indo environmental diplomacy, Ganga Action Plan, Yamuna Action Plan, Ganges, Yamuna |
